Introduction This Information Note (the “Note”) aims to assess the legal nature, content, limits of enforceability and benefits of the family constitution, the instrument that governs the relationship between the family and the company in family businesses. Ninety-five per cent of companies in Turkey are family businesses[1]. By contrast, international sources indicate that around 30 […]
Introduction This Information Note (the “Note”) aims to assess the obligations of companies whose capital falls below the statutory minimum under the Communiqué on the Extension of the Period for Joint Stock and Limited Liability Companies to Increase Their Capital to the New Minimum Amounts (the “Communiqué”), published in the Official Gazette dated 17 October […]
Introduction This Information Note (the “Note”) aims to examine wage deductions and the disciplinary wage deduction sanction, two of the legal mechanisms that may be applied against an employee who is absent from work, under the Labour Law No. 4857 (the “Labour Law”).[1] A. Wage Deduction and the Distinction Between Fixed Monthly Wages and Hourly/Daily […]
I. Introduction This briefing note has been prepared to summarise the amendments to secondary legislation published in the Official Gazette dated 29 December 2025 and numbered 33122, which directly affect the electricity market, aggregation, storage structures, notification and settlement rules, grid obligations and the implementation of the Renewable Energy Resources Support Mechanism (“YEKDEM”). In this […]
Lease agreements are regulated under the Fourth Section of the Turkish Code of Obligations (“TCO”) No. 6098, titled Lease Agreement, and are divided into three sub-sections: (i) General Provisions, (ii) Lease of Residential and Roofed Business Premises, and finally (iii) Usufructuary Leases. In this article, the lessor’s right of termination of lease agreements for residential […]
Foreign investments in Türkiye became attractive thanks to the possibility of obtaining Turkish citizenship and value-added tax (“VAT”) exemption. According to Article 13/1-i of the Value-Added Tax Code numbered 3065 (“Law”), it is possible to benefit from VAT exemption in the purchase of a real estate in Türkiye, under the following conditions. Real persons and […]
A payment order is the document served on the debtor by the enforcement office after it establishes that the creditor’s request for enforcement proceedings regarding its receivable meets the legal requirements. 1 Objection to the Payment Order in Proceedings by Way of General Attachment An objection to a payment order is the legal act by […]
An arbitration agreement is an agreement by the parties to refer all or part of the disputes which have arisen, or which may arise between them in respect of a defined legal relationship to a sole arbitrator or an arbitral tribunal. The laws that may be applicable to the validity of an arbitration agreement under […]
The Regulation on Consumer Arbitration Committees published in the Official Gazette dated 21 September 2022 and numbered 31960 (the “New Regulation”) repealed the Regulation on Consumer Arbitration Committees published in the Official Gazette dated 27 November 2014 and numbered 29188 (the “Former Regulation”). The New Regulation introduces significant changes. The New Regulation defines the terms […]
There are basically three main ways for a partner of a limited liability company to leave the company. These are (i) leaving the partnership by transferring the shares, (ii) resignation[1], and (iii) exclusion[2] from the partnership. Leaving aside the rule regarding the exclusion of the plaintiff claiming dissolution by just cause, a shareholder of a limited […]
